10A - Grammar quantifiers

Choose the correct form.

1.      How did the trip to the science museum go?

It was fine. Most/Most of the students enjoyed it.

2.      What subject do you like best – physics or chemistry?

I don’t like either of them/both of them. They’re either/both boring!

3.      How often do you use the library?

Hardly ever. I can find everything/all on the internet.

4.      When can I see you to discuss my science project?

I’ll be in my office all day/every day today. Come any/all time.

5.      How did your students do in the biology exam?

Not too badly. They passed all./They all passed.

6.      We don’t do any/no experiments in our chemistry class.

Don’t you? We do something practical in every/all class.

7.      Did you do all research/all of the research yourself?

Yes, I did all/all of it myself.

8.      Neither my mother or/nor father went to university.

Really? Both/Either my parents studied law, but either of them/neither of them worked as lawyers.

Complete the sentences with words from the list.

all, all, all, anyone, both, every, every, most, most of, neither, no, none of

1.      Not all birds can fly.

2.      Neither kiwis nor penguins can fly.

3.      Every country in South America, except Bolivia and Paraguay, has a coastline.

4.      All cars nowadays are fitted with seatbelts at the front and the back.

5.      Most of the students in my class, about 80%, live very near the school.

6.      There are no wild tigers in Africa. Some can still be found in parts of Asia.

7.      In Ireland, anyone who is aged 18 or over can vote in an election.

8.      Most Canadians speak English as their first language (77%), but some speak French.

9.      Nocturnal animals are animals that sleep all day and hunt for food at night.

10.  Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both invented the telephone at the same time.

11.  Trains in France run every day of the year, including Christmas Day.

12.  None of the people who survived the sinking of the Titanic are still alive today. The last survivor, Millvina Dean, died in 2009.

10B - Grammar articles

Complete the sentences with a, an, the or – (no articles)

1.      The Kremlin is probably the most famous building in Moscow.

2.      James had an accident while he was skiing in Austria and now he’s in hospital.

3.      The first state in the USA where women could vote was Wayoming.

4.      The population of South Africa is approximately 52 million.

5.      I went to university the year after I finished school. First I worked as an au-pair in Italy for six month.

6.      The River Ebro in Spain flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

7.      We couldn’t visit the village church yesterday because there was a wedding taking place.

8.      The quickest way to get from London to Oxford by car is to take the M40 motorway.

9.      Lake Superior, in Canada, is the biggest lake in the world.

10.  I’m not usually frightened of spiders, but the spiders in the zoo were enormous.

11.  The man was sent to prison for eight years for robbing a bank in Zurich.

12.  I love eating at Mario’s. I think it’s the best pizza restaurant in the city.

13.  Whenever I’m in London, I take a bus to the Science Museum and spend the morning looking around.

14.  We spent our honeymoon in Marocco and camped in the Sahara desert for two nights.

15.  My sister doesn’t normally like heights, but she managedto climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower.

16.  Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps.

4B - Are you a risk taker?

It isn't from the book but I think it is very useful.

When I do/When I’ve done

When and if

Examples:

A: What time will you phone me tomorrow?

B: I’ll phone you when I get home from work.

“I’ll phone you when I get home from work” is a sentence with two parts:

The main part: “I’ll phone you”

And the when-part: “when I get home from work (tomorrow)”

The time in the sentence is future (“tomorrow”) but we use a present tense (get) in the when-part of the sentence.

We do not use will in the when-part of sentence:

-          We’ll go out when it stops raining. (not “when it will stop”)

-          When you are in London again, you must come and see us. (not ”when you will be”)

-          (said to a child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not “will grow”)

7A GRAMMAR BANK - Past modals

must/might/may/can’t/couldn’t + have + past participle

1. I must have left my phone at Anna’s. I definitely remember having it there.

You must have seen something. You were there when the accident happened.

2. Somebody might have stolen your wallet when you were getting off the train.

He still hasn’t arrived. I may not have given him the right directions.

3. She can’t have gone to bed. It’s only ten o’clock!

You can’t have seen their faces very clearly. It was too dark.

- We use must/ may/ might/ can’t + have + past participle to make deductions or speculate about past actions.

1. We use must have when we almost sure that something happened or was true.

The opposite of must have is can’t have – see 3 below NOT mustn’t have

2. We use might/ may have when we think it’s possible that something happened or was true. We can also use could have with this meaning, e.g. Somebody could have stolen your wallet when you were getting off the train.

3. We use can’t have when we are almost sure something didn’t happen or that it is impossible. We can also use couldn’t have when the speculation is about the distant past, e.g. You couldn’t have seen their faces very clearly, e.g. She couldn’t have gone to bed. It’s only ten o’clock.

should have/ ought to have + past participle

We’ve gone the wrong way. We shouldn’t have turned left at the traffic lights.

It’s my fault. I ought to have told you earlier that my mother was coming.

- Use should have + past participle to say that somebody didn’t do the right thing, or to express regret or criticism.

- You can use ought to have as an alternative to should have, e.g. I ought to have told you earlier.

Ex. a

I’m certain I left my umbrella at home. It’s not in the office.

I must have left my umbrella at home.

1. Holly’s crying. Perhaps she’s had an argument with her boyfriend.

She might have had an argument with her boyfriend.

2. I’m sure Ben has read my email. I sent it first thing this morning.

Ben must have read my email.

3. I’m sure Sam and Ginny haven’t got lost. They have satnav in their car.

Sam and Ginny can’t have got lost.

4. You saw Ellie yesterday? That’s impossible. She was in bed with flu.

You can’t have seen Ellie yesterday.

5. Perhaps John didn’t see you. That’s why he didn’t say hello.

John might not have seen you.

6. I’m sure Lucy has bought a new car. I saw her driving a blue VW Golf!

Lucy must have bought a new car.

7. I’m sure Alex wasn’t very ill. He was only off work for one day.

Alex can’t have been very ill.

8. They didn’t come to our wedding. Maybe they didn’t receive the invitation.

They might not have received the invitation.

9. This tastes very sweet. I’m sure you used too much sugar.

You must have used too much sugar.

10. It definitely wasn’t my phone that rang in the cinema. Mine was on silent.

It can’t have been my phone.

Ex. b

A. We couldn’t understand anybody in Paris.

B. You should have learnt some French before you went.

A. Sue is  in bed with a stomach ache.

B. She oughtn’t to have eaten so much chocolate cake yesterday.

1. A. Tom told me the date of his party, but I’ve forgotten it.

B. You should have written it down.

2. A. I was late because there was so much traffic.

B. You oughtn’t to have come by car. The metro is much faster.

3. A. Amanda was rude to everyone at my party.

B. You shouldn’t have invited her. You know what she’s like.

4. A. I don’t have any money left after going shopping yesterday.

B. You oughtn’t to have bought so many shoes. Did you really need three pairs?

5. A. You look really tired.

B. I know. I should have gone to bed earlier last night.

6. A. The chicken’s still frozen solid.

B. I know. You ought to have taken it out of the freezer earlier.

7. A. I think I’ve burnt my face.

B. I’m not surprised. You shouldn’t have sat in the sun all afternoon without any sunscreen.

9A Grammar clauses of contrast and purpose (TB)

1-g    They went to London for a weekend break.

2-j     She flew to Sao Paulo to visit her brother

3-h    Although Josh played really well, he lost in the end.

4-i     We downloaded a travel app so that we would know the best thing to see.

5-f     Despite losing the first set, she won the match.

6-e     Even though I wasn’t feeling very well, I still went to work.

7-a    I took a taxi so as not to be late.

8-c     He went for a walk in spite of the fact that it was raining.

9-d    We left early in order to avoid the traffic.

10-b The men went out fishing in spite of the rough sea.

Ex. b

1. In spite of the cold weather, the barbecue was a success.

Although the weather was cold, the barbecue was a success.

2. A lot of companies have reduced stuff numbers so that they can save money. (in order to)

A lot of companies have reduced stuff numbers in order to save money.

3. Even though the flight was long, she felt great when she arrived in New York. (despite)

Despite the long flight, she felt great when she arrived in New York.

4. Nick didn’t tell Louisa the truth because he didn’t want to hurt her feelings. (so as)

Nick didn’t tell Louisa the truth so as not to hurt her feeling.

5. I bought the shoes in spite of the fact they were ridiculously expensive. (even though)

I bought the shoes even though they were ridiculously expensive.

6. The company has a big market share even though they do very little advertising. (in spite of)

The company has a big market share in spite of doing very little advertising.

7. They had to leave the hotel early. If not, they would have missed their train. (so that)

They had to leave the hotel early so that they wouldn’t miss their train.

8. She didn’t get the job in spite of being a strong candidate. (though)

She didn’t get the job though she was a strong candidate.